Thursday, October 30, 2014

October in Review

It feels like time is speeding up each month! October flew past, with each day on our calendar filled with “To Do’s.” In part, it’s been so busy because every spare minute not spent on agriculture work or family time has been spent on Peter’s grad school applications. He’s been fastidiously researching programs, writing and re-writing résumés, statements of purpose and statements of work history, getting his recommendations in order, and communicating with various program staff to clear up questions. This is also the reason he’s been conspicuously absent from the blog world the past few months. He’s planning to submit applications for M.S. in Civil Engineering and Construction Management programs in the next few weeks, with the intention to defer his start until Spring or Fall 2016. So have no fear; he’s planning to be back blogging soon!


A selfie in a field. Yeah, we're getting kinda weird out here.
We kicked off October with Tabaski, or Eid al-Adha (Feast of the Sacrifice or Greater Eid), one of the biggest Muslim religious holidays, which honors the willingness of Abraham to sacrifice his son Ishmael as an act of obedience to God. God intervened to provide him with a ram to sacrifice instead, thus the tradition of sacrificing and eating a ram on Tabaski. Our family slaughtered a ram AND a turkey! It was glorious! Plus, it was all made sweeter by a visit from Caitlin, our “big sister,” who trekked down from Dakar to spend Tabaski with the fam. She is the one whose big shoes we are constantly trying to fill with our work here in Guinguinéo. Caitlin served here for 2 years, and extended her service for a third year to work on The Yaay Project, a mobile conversation about motherhood across generations, across languages, and across Senegal. I can’t imagine our Peace Corps service without her friendship and guidance, and it was so much fun to have her here in Guinguinéo for Tabaski.

I had over 200 photos from Tabaski, and they all seemed important, as did the order in which I took them. So, instead of making a bunch of semi-chronological collages, I made them into a fast slideshow, which shows the progression of the day. Think of it as "a day in the life" sort of thing; it shows the good photos and the bad, and what I felt warranted 10 different shots from slightly different angles. [WARNING: there are a lot of photos of the sheep slaughter in the slideshow (yes, in hindsight it’s startling how many graphic photos I took….oops). Watch at your own risk!] The photos tell the story of the day, which began (photographically) with Fallou and Peter getting ready to go to the mosque to pray (Baay was up all night making sure nobody stole our sheep, so he wasn’t feeling up to it) and ended (again, photographically) with the kids dressed up in their nice clothes, getting ready to walk around and ask for coins (candy money!). In between, the turkey was slaughtered, prepared, and cooked, the ram was slaughtered, skinned, processed and grilled, we ate grilled ram for breakfast and turkey for lunch, the kids danced, and the adults rested. It was a wonderful day of uninterrupted family time.


A few days after Tabaski, the kids went back to school. This means the mornings are a lot quieter around here, which is a welcome change!

First day of school. What a good lookin' bunch!
We’re in the transition between the rainy season (or hunger season) and the cool season (the season of abundance), which means the farmers are harvesting their field crops (peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, and beans), and transitioning to the gardening season (lettuce, tomatoes, hot pepper, eggplant, and okra).
This means Peter and I are busy with wrap-up work on our tree planting and field crop extension projects, and starting to prep and plan a series of gardening trainings for the upcoming months.

The garden continues to produce delicious things. This month we’ve enjoyed cucumbers and melons in addition to the okra, bissap, moringa greens, malabar spinach, aloe vera, and endless basil. We’re still waiting patiently on the tomatoes though! The rains have stopped, and we are seeing this reflected in droopy leaves in the garden, despite our watering efforts. The tap water just isn’t the same as the rain!

Who knew cucumbers were so exciting?!


Last month I mentioned our garden marketing scheme: free basil if you come see the space! Well, it’s working. People are talking about our garden! We’re hoping that this talk leads to others taking the leap to creating small gardening spaces in their compounds, perhaps with the help of our upcoming gardening classes.


In addition to maintaining our own garden, we’ve led a series of trainings this month: a seed selection and saving training in Guinguinéo, and micro-gardening with recycled containers and tree care and maintenance trainings with a women’s group in a neighboring village, where our friend and fellow Peace Corps volunteer Tesia Eisenberg lives. We’re also starting to plan an Open Field Day for the Sakagne Master Farm, tentatively scheduled for December.


In the midst of it all, we managed to sneak away to the mangroves for a couple of days for Peter’s birthday. We indulged in luxuries like hummus, burgers, beer, and whiskey, and took advantage of the quiet to get a bunch of computer work done as well. Bam!

Enjoying some peace and quiet in the mangroves. Happy 27th Peter!
I finished the month with a much-anticipated field trip. I brought my counterpart, Mackiny Tall; my 3 work partners, Mbaye Ndiaye, Modou Ndiaye, and Samba Ndoye; Tesia’s host Dad Ibrahima Diouf; and a student from Tesia’s village, Cheikh Faye, to Beer-Sheba, a Christian agroforestry demonstration and education center. We visited Beer Sheba back in February during PST2 in Thies, and I knew immediately I wanted people from my community to see it. Lucky for us, the third-year Peace Corps volunteer working with Beer-Sheba graciously offered to host us for the day to tour the facilities and discuss how the farmers might implement similar systems in their fields and villages.

This field trip was also an important event because it really solidified for me what a special and committed group of people I am working with here. As you must have gathered by now, the Senegalese perception of time is very different from the American schedule. I asked the driver to be at our house by 5:20 am, the Nguick guys to be ready at 5:30 am, and Tesia’s Dad and the student from her village to be ready at 6:00 am. Not only was everybody ready on time, in the dark, we made it to Beer-Sheba TWO HOURS early! This never happens. Granted, I called everybody at least 3 times in the days leading up to the field trip to remind them and make sure everything was clear. But still, this never happens. I assumed we’d have a series of delays, as we generally do in a day. But everything (the car, the road, the breakfast lady) and everyone (my responsible driver and friend Dame Niang, my exceptional counterpart, and my 6 wonderful work partners) was reliable. I was glowing with pride when we arrived so early!


At Beer-Sheba, the staff fenced in 100 hectares of land, and let it grow back the way it wanted to, with little to no human intervention. The trees regenerated on their own, once they were protected from people and animals. One of the first things we did upon arriving there was climb the 2-story water tower to get a view of the 100 hectares. My counterpart, Mackiny, commented that the Beer-Sheba forest is what Senegal looked like when Modu Ndiaye (an Nguick elder who accompanied us on the trip) was a child. In addition to the naturally regenerated forest, Beer-Sheba staff have cultivated a diversified garden under a canopy of native acacia trees. The trees stabilize the soil, provide dappled shade, and aid in water retention. The garden is likely much more productive because of their presence.

Everyone left motivated and excited about all of the possibilities they witnessed. I asked the men to take a few days to digest what they’d seen, and think about what principles or technologies they’d like to implement themselves, and what they need from me to make it happen. I’m hoping that this trip spurs some of them to make changes, even if it is something relatively small, like mulching a corner of their garden to see if there is a difference in how the mulched and non-mulched plants perform. We’ll see what happens!

Nana, I want to thank you for your encouragement of this field trip! I couldn’t have made it happen without your support.


Finally, of course an update on the pets is warranted. Happy Cat remains at the nexus of the furries. He and Lady are the best of friends (until Lady gets too excited), and he tongue bathes her several times a day. Greta and Happy Cat are constant playmates, and they have started to snuggle more frequently when napping. Adorable! Greta and Lady are cordial, for the most part, but Greta wouldn’t hear of snuggling or playing with Lady. Coexisting is enough for her, thank you very much! Those three remain an important source of entertainment and snuggles, and we feel grateful that the Diops put up with our bizarre animal antics.

 

In October:

1.    The biggest challenge we faced: Rainy season ending. Our beautiful garden is starting to wilt and thirst now that the rains have gone. We’re watering with the robinet (faucet) water, but it’s just not the same. We’ll get some relief from the heat soon, as we transition into the cool season, but it will likely be another 8 months or so until we get rain again.

Just before the last rain. She was a beauty!

2.     The most exciting/best experience: For me, it was the trip to Beer-Sheba. For Peter, it was turning 27! He sure felt the love this month. Thanks to Lisa and Kevin, sister Sally, Sue and Phil, Uncle Dave and Aunt Caren, the Santos crew, Grandma and Grandpa Gardner, Kathie and Greg Bergman, and Betty Cramer! It was a ton of fun to get so much mail, so thank you all for your kind birthday wishes, and for spending so much on postage!

3.    What we are most grateful for: My parents booked their tickets! They are coming to Senegal in February- Alhamdoulilah! While we are happy and fulfilled here in Senegal, we deeply miss our American families. We feel so grateful that we will get to spend quality time with them over the next few months, and that our American families will get to meet our Senegalese family.

4.    Language factoid (by Peter): Fecc, pronounced “fetch,” simply means “to dance.”  Unlike many words in Wolof, there is no second meaning,  (Picc, pronounced “peach,” means both “bird” and “zit,” depending on context. Weñ, means both “housefly” and “metal,” not to be confused with wen, which means “breast,” and wañ, which means “to wring,” and waañ which means “kitchen.”) Sorry for the lengthy sidetrack, but the point is that fecc, as Wolof words go, is unambiguous.  However, for such a straightforward word, over here, fecc means a lot of different things to a lot of different people.

To Kait it means a way to relate to those around her.  She uses dancing as an incredibly fast way to put people at ease while simultaneously demonstrating her cultural competence. Preceding one of our trainings at the nearby Seereer village, she spent about 10 minutes with all the women present, discussing the differences between standard Wolof dances and standard Seereer ones...  through dance.  (Wolofs dance like this…  But Seereers dance like this!...)  Kait showed herself to be a master Wolof dancer.  In the end, she was pretty good at the Seereer moves, but more importantly everyone around was trying to wipe the tears of laughter out of their eyes. Perhaps even more importantly, we knew, that they knew, that we know and respect Senegal and its culture.

To me, a person who would rather die than attempt dancing in front of a pack of laughing, clapping Senegalese women, it means yet another reason I am grateful for Kait. Not only because when dancing comes up, she quickly volunteers (and saves me from the spotlight so thoroughly that people are left thinking, “Idrissa? Idrissa who?”) but also because being married saves me from being put on the spot.  Here (at least in our community) dancing is for women and young people.  In America, despite my marital status, I’m probably still considered a “young person.”  Not so here.  Having a wife is akin to having a silvery beard, not in that it means you’re old, but that it means you’re simply on a different level, community-respect wise.  It means I’m not a member of the group who should, and do dance.  Rather I’m a member of the group that, at a wedding or naming ceremony, sits in plastic deck chairs, hands folded, and comments on the frivolity of women, watching some of them dance, and the rest cook dinner and take care of the children.  Women, am I right? Not a care in the world.  (I participate in a condescending and sexist conversation only as far as it gets me out of dancing.)

To Ouli and Soda, our eight and nine-year-old sisters, it means a way to express themselves with moves that would get them kicked out of every single middle school dance, and probably even a very loosely chaperoned senior prom. 


Things we’re looking forward to in November:

- Tamxarite: The celebration of the Muslim new year.  In Senegal it takes on a decidedly unreligious bent, making it much more akin to Halloween than anything else.  Kids cross-dress, powder their faces white, and go from house to house singing and dancing for money and candy. Fun night.

- A celebration for our Girls Camp and Michelle Sylvester Scholarship Program participants in Ndiago (pushed back a few weeks, from October to November).

- A series of gardening trainings, teaching Guinguinéo residents how to work with the challenging water and soil conditions we have here. We’re hoping that several small kitchen gardens will be established around town this “cold” season (November-February).

- We’re not looking forward to this, in fact I’m dreading it, but it’s notable. The “Old Ag Stage,” who are a year ahead of us in their service, are finishing up their service and heading home in November. The new group of Ag Trainees that Peter and I welcomed last month will be the Old Ag Stage’s replacements. While we’re excited for the new Trainees to transition into their roles as PCVs in December, we are sad to see so many of our friends and mentors move on.

- Going home to America for Thanksgiving!!!! We’ll be in Sarasota for about 2 weeks, for some serious R&R and Hammersley family time (including Tybee!!!). We hoped to get to the West/Midwest and New England to see family and friends there, but flights were outrageously expensive and other PCVs have advised that it’s important to keep it simple and stay in one place if you’re only going home for a short period of time. So, a Florida vacation it will be! We’ll be back in Senegal a short 3 weeks before the Fritsches arrive in December. It will be a family-filled Holiday season!

Jamm Rekk,
Kait



Tuesday, October 7, 2014

September in Review


September has come and gone, which means we have now been in Senegal a full year. In some ways, it feels like just yesterday that we arrived in Thies for training, clean and energetic and excited about all of the possibilities that lay ahead. In other ways, it’s hard to imagine that our life has changed so drastically in the span of just one year. Every day, we speak a foreign language and comfortably live and function immersed in a culture that is very different from our own. Our beliefs and ideas have been challenged, and in some cases, they have shifted. We have new family and friends and pets that we love dearly.  Whether we are in the mindset of the past year being a long one, or a short one, we can agree that it has been one of our best.

Twilight in the "front yard"
In addition to the past year having been a happy one, it’s also been productive! We have not only successfully learned Wolof and integrated into our community, but also managed to do some pretty cool agricultural work. What exactly have we accomplished, you ask? Here’s a summary:


In our small 6m x 9m demo garden, we effectively grew seven types of trees, seven species of perennial crop, and ten species (over 20 varieties) of annual crop.  We have implemented several water harvesting techniques (contour berm, french drain, use of robinet run-off, boomerang berms, etc), conservation cultivation methods (zai holes, manure tea), general gardening best practices (organic amendments, mulching, pepiñeering, composting, using all the layers, etc), and many agroforestry technologies (wind breaks, interspersed nitrogen fixing tree species, trees for dappled shade, fruit trees, live fence posts, trees for animal fodder, etc). We are currently giving away bundles of basil to lure people into the space to look around, and it’s been a big hit! The purpose of creating the demo garden was to (1) gain more credibility in our community, (2) to find motivated work partners, (3) to inspire community members to garden, and (4) to find personal gratification. So far, the demo garden has successfully accomplished goals 1 and 4. We’re hoping that as we move into the “cold season,” when people tend to garden more (the weather is nicer and the field crops have been harvested, so folks have time and money to spare), the demo garden will help us to find more motivated work partners in Guinguineo (goal 2) and to inspire others to create small, diversified gardens inside their compounds (goal 3).



Over the past 6 months, we conducted a series of trainings covering pepiñeering (creating a tree nursery), outplanting, and long-term care and protection of live fencing tree species, nitrogen fixing tree species, and fruit tree species, and improved ziziphus grafting with my counterpart, Mackiny Tall, and our 3 work partners in the village of Nguick. Here are the results: 4 pepiñeers created and maintained, 870 tree sacks filled, 616 viable seedlings germinated, 238 trees outplanted, and 820 seeds direct seeded. These numbers are relatively small for Peace Corps standards, but it’s a great start for a first year AgFo site like Guinguineo/Nguick, and we're proud of the progress we’ve made.


At the Master Farm in Sakagne, Peter and I function mostly in an advisory role, helping Cheikh to set goals and stay on track with his timeline and priorities. This season, Cheikh has outplanted over 550 trees on his farm, with the help of Peter and me, some community members, and his wives and children. In the past, tree survival rates after one year have been dismal, but we’re hoping for an improvement this year. We’re hoping to plan an Open Field Day, where community members can come see the demonstrations and technologies in action at Cheikh’s farm, in December. Inshallah, it will come to fruition.


This month I had the opportunity to attend a tree planting in our work zone-mate Tesia’s village (8 km away from Guinguineo). The event was an impressive collaboration between a Peace Corps volunteer (Tesia), CREATE! (an American NGO working near our area), and the local Guinguineo Eaux et Forets (like the U.S. Forestry Service) office. We talked about proper techniques for outplanting and caring for trees, and how to protect them until they reach maturity. It was inspiring to collaborate with partner organizations with similar goals, and I look forward to working with both CREATE! and Eaux et Forets again in the future.


The rainy season has been such a huge change, with plants blooming and occasional wildlife sightings (usually just hedgehogs and monitor lizards). We’d been hearing whispers of turtles that can be found in seasonal pools during this time of year, which seemed sort of unbelievable given the utter lack of water in this area 9-10 months out of the year. Because of this, I was fully expecting that these “turtles” people were talking about were in fact terrestrial tortoises that were seen cooling off in the shallow puddles, rather than actual aquatic turtles. After asking upwards of 5 people a day whether they had seen a turtle lately (Peter was a little embarrassed by this, and kept telling me people were going to think I was a weirdo…), I finally hit the jackpot with a shy 6-year-old neighbor of Peter’s counterpart. Bingo! Her family found the turtle in a puddle, and brought it home to keep it in a dirty bucket of water for good luck, a common practice here in Senegal.



Another interesting aspect of the rainy season has been the weather. Sure, it’s always exciting to witness a big weather event (provided that it doesn’t seriously damage your property or the infrastructure in your area). But in America, we always know it’s coming, often days in advance. In most of Senegal, you don't know until you see it. Remember that crazy sand storm that descended upon us in June? We didn’t know it was coming until we saw it rise up on the horizon. That’s the way it is. One hour the sky can be cloudless (as it was yesterday evening), and the next a huge storm rolls in, with thunder and lighting and wind like you’ve never seen before. I think of it as a metaphor for life in a developing country. Life is unpredictable, and you are at the mercy of your surroundings. We have the luxury to be able to enjoy and appreciate this part of our Peace Corps service, being that it is so different from the informed and premeditated American lifestyle. However, it's important to understand that it is difficult and often dangerous for those for whom it is the reality every day.


We wrapped up September by spending almost 2 weeks in Thies, helping to welcome and train the new Peace Corps Senegal 2014 Agriculture Stage. They seem like a great group, and it was an honor and a treat to be there for them for their first 10 days in Senegal. They will spend the next 10 weeks learning the ins and outs of how things work here in Senegal, in terms of Peace Corps administration, health, safety and security, language, and agricultural techniques. It will be a difficult but rewarding time, and I am excited for all that lies ahead for them. Their arrival means that we are now transitioning into the role of the 2nd year, or old, Ag Stage. I say transitioning, because the real 2nd year/old Ag Stage is still here; they will head home in mid-November, after they hand over their projects and responsibilities to the new Ag Stage, who will replace them in their towns and villages.



In September:

1.    The biggest challenge we faced: Being away from site for 2 weeks. Though it was rewarding to help with training, meet the new Trainees, and reflect on how far we’ve come, it’s hard to be away from site for so long. We’re now scrambling a bit to get the garden back into ship shape, and to chip away at our long list of to do’s- visiting fields and gardens of work partners, planning trainings, helping on the Master Farm, etc. Upholding Peace Corps commitments at site and elsewhere is a challenging balance to strike.


2.    The most exciting/best experience: Seeing our garden, and more importantly the farmers’ fields, finally blossom once the rains started in earnest in September.
3.    What we are most grateful for: Our demo garden space. In addition to boosting our credibility and confidence, tending to a beautiful green space that produces delicious fruits and vegetables is one of the most rewarding experiences in life. We are so grateful for our family’s support in converting the old trash pile to our garden space!
4.    Language factoid (by Peter): As in America, much of our laughter comes as a result of bodily emissions. This corporeal phenomenon has perhaps an even larger presence in our lives here due to the higher prevalence of GI tract issues.  In America, farts are generally referenced by using the word “fart” or simulating a fart noise with one’s mouth.  Here, creative onomatopoeia wins the day.  Even the “proper” word for fart, doxot (pronounced roughly “dough-hot,” with an aspirated h) sounds eerily similar to some styles of the emission it describes.  Other onomatopoeic words are barrrrt or parrrrrt (the repeated r meant to illustrate a very aggressively rolled r, beautifully mimicking a drawn-out butt gun) or pohhhhhhhh (basically just a p-sound followed by a slow exhale with one’s mouth in an O-shape, which uncannily imitates a silent, or barely audible variety.) 
 The other day, our youngest brother lovingly gifted us with a little fart while we were rough-housing outside.  I called him a doxotkat (adding –kat to any verb makes it a noun meaning, “person who does that verb.”)  Unfortunately, this made him embarrassed, which was not my intention, because as many of you know, I don’t view gas as an inherently shameful or bad thing. Fortunately, this opened the fart humor floodgates, and baay, displaying his great education, sharp wit, pun-y sense of humor, and knowledge that Papa Gorré might be able to conquer Europe with farts, all in one two-word phrase, called him Napoléon Bonaparrrrrrrt.
Fart humor is universal.

Things we’re looking forward to in October:

- Tabaski, or Eid al-Adha (Feast of the Sacrifice or Greater Eid), one of the biggest Muslim religious holidays, which honors the willingness of Abraham to sacrifice his son Ishmael as an act of obedience to God. God intervened to provide him with a sheep to sacrifice instead, thus the tradition of sacrificing and eating a ram on Tabaski. Our “big sister” Caitlin is coming home from Dakar for the celebration, which will make it even sweeter!
- Harvesting even more vegetables from our garden, inshallah! We have more okra and greens than we can eat. We’re still waiting on the tomatoes, cucumbers and melons.
- Lots of agriculture work: leading a seed saving and treatment training in Guinguineo, a tree care and maintenance training in a neighboring village, a cold season gardening training with a local womens’ group, and lots of hours spent watering our garden now that the rains have pretty much stopped.
- Peter’s birthday! We’re hoping to spend a day or 2 in the mangroves to celebrate.
- A celebration for our Girls Camp and Michelle Sylvester Scholarship Program participants in Ndiago.


Jamm Rekk,
Kaitlin

Wednesday, October 1, 2014

Ebola: An Open Letter to PCVs and a Situational Summary


Hi All,
Last night we got home from a whirlwind 2 weeks in Dakar and Thies.  We came home to a jungle of a garden, and kids and pets that we swear have grown noticeably in just 14 days. It feels so good to be home! 
I owe you a “September in Review” post, which I’ll get to in the next couple of days, once we get unpacked and get the garden under control. In the mean time, I wanted to post a letter (written for other Senegal PCVs, but relevant for you all as well) and summary of the current Ebola situation (written for family and friends), composed in mid-September by rock star PCVs Sarah Mollenkopf, JanelleKibler, and Katie Wallner, for those of you wanting to learn more about what’s going on.
Jamm Rekk,
Kait

Hello PCVs, 

We know that the presence of Ebola looming not all that far away across our southern border has ushered in a somewhat unique and uncertain time.  Ebola is, after all, a scary disease. It is highly infectious among those that come in contact with it, it causes very violent symptoms such as bleeding, and it has claimed the lives of thousands of people in the most recent outbreak here in West Africa (2,288 according to WHO).
An ocean and many hundreds or thousands of miles away, this is especially terrifying for our loving parents.  They are unable to see how miniscule the effect of the disease has been on the Senegalese population so far and they may be unsure or untrusting of the level of quality healthcare available in Senegal or the response of Peace Corps. This leaves them feeling helpless, powerless and stricken with anxiety of not knowing what the future beholds for the course of this epidemic; some may even be questioning their original support for their children to come on this crazy Peace Corps mission. Many parents have reached out to Peace Corps in Washington or to their Congressmen to express real – not unfounded but perhaps somewhat sensationalized – concerns and imploring them to act, even to evacuate us all immediately.

However, dramatized media and uninformed or idle minds have the tendency to hyperbolize the threat of this disease in our context. It is therefore our belief that some basic facts about the disease and the course of the disease might help shed some light on the reality of this situation and make us all feel more at ease. We urge you to share these with friends and family at home on your blogs, in emails or through Facebook.  Engage them in a discussion about their concerns, about your concerns, and about any boundaries you may need to set for yourself; at what point will you no longer feel safe and what will you do about it.

The Peace Corps administration is in constant communication with the Senegalese Ministry of Health and other actors to monitor the situation and constantly re-evaluate the level of threat. They have assured us that our safety is a priority.  Through the evacuation of volunteers in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia they have demonstrated that they ARE willing to pull us all out if they believe that we are truly, potentially in harm’s way.

However, many volunteers here in Senegal are doing important work to which they have dedicated endless time and effort and have built meaningful relationships with counterparts, families and community members. I am sure that many of us would be devastated to be evacuated in the middle of our work if we did not believe that the threat of Ebola is real. It is, therefore, a balance.  While our safety is unarguably paramount, we do not want decisions to be made prematurely that restrict our scope of work here in Senegal or pull us away from it entirely. We must, therefore, all participate in the conversation about these decisions.

Here are some facts and points of discussion to start a conversation with your friends and family. Feel free to copy and paste them directly, to put them in your own words, or to go a different way entirely if you feel it would be more effective for your audience.

 Facts about Ebola:
-          Background: Ebola is a virus from the Filoviridae family. There are 5 known species of the virus although only 4 are known to infect humans.  It is a zoonotic disease (meaning that humans get it from animals) with the most likely animal host being bats.  It was discovered in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1976 and has caused sporadic outbreaks since that time, mostly in remote villages near rainforests in Central and West Africa [4,5].
-          Signs and Symptoms: Typical signs and symptoms include fever, headache, body aches, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting and lack of appetite. Less common signs and symptoms include a rash, red eyes, hiccups, cough sore throat, chest pain, and bleeding inside or outside the body [5].
-          Transmission: The initial transmission of the virus from animal to human is not well understood but it is likely that humans are infected through direct contact.  Transmission from human to human occurs through contact with the blood or secretions of infected person, or through contact with objects (like needles) that have been contaminated with infectious secretions [5].
-          Infectivity: Once someone is exposed, symptoms will appear between 2 and 21 days (between 8 and 10 days is most common) [5]. People are infectious while they are symptomatic and will remain so far as long as their blood or secretions contain virus material. Men can still transmit the virus in their semen for up to 7 weeks after recovering [4]. The virus can also be transmitted through breast milk.
-          Severity: The case fatality rate (the number of people die from the disease divided by the number of people who got sick with the disease) for this strain of the Ebola virus ranges from 31-90% [4,5].
-          Diagnosis: Diagnosing the disease is very challenging as many of the symptoms are fairly non-specific and mimic other diseases (e.g. fever, headache, body aches, vomiting, etc.). Therefore, to make a diagnosis doctors usually try to rule out of diseases first (e.g. malaria, typhoid fever, meningitis, other viral hemorrhagic fevers, etc.) if they do not have reason to believe you may have been exposed.  To make a definitive diagnosis, several lab tests are available to test for the presence of virus antigens or antibodies, or to isolate the virus through culture [5].
-          Treatment: Currently there is no licensed curative treatment available so the only form of treatment is purely supportive. This includes balancing a patient’s fluids and electrolytes, maintaining a patient’s oxygen status and blood pressure, and treating patients for any complicating secondary infections [5]. There is an experimental treatment called ZMapp that has been widely discussed in the media because it has been made available in finite circumstances. However, it has never been tested in humans for safety or effectiveness and it is too early to know if it has been effective in the context of this outbreak. At this time, very few samples have ever been manufactured and all manufactured samples have been distributed at this time. It is therefore not available for general use or purchase [6].
-          Prevention: The most important thing for prevention is to prevent direct contact with the blood or secretions of Ebola patients.  This includes both patients who are living and those that have died.  In a health-care setting it is important for healthcare workers to wear protective clothing (e.g. masks, gloves, gowns, goggles, etc.), utilize infection-control measures (e.g. complete sterilization of equipment, regular use of disinfectant, etc.) and isolate Ebola patients [5].
-          Vaccine: There are currently no FDA approved vaccines for Ebola although the NIH has recently announced that they are expediting their work on launching a phase 1 clinical trial for two Ebola vaccines that have been developed by GlaxoSmithKline and the Public Health Agency of Canada.  Initial human testing was set to begin in early to mid-September. In parallel, NIH has partnered with a British-based international consortium to test the NIAID/GSK vaccine candidate among healthy volunteers in the United Kingdom and in the West African countries of Gambia (after approval from the relevant authorities) and Mali.  Additionally, NIH and the Thomas Jefferson University are collaborating to develop a candidate Ebola vaccine based on the established rabies vaccine [6].
 Facts about this outbreak:
-          Story: The current outbreak of Ebola virus began in early December, 2013 with the infection and subsequent death of a 2-year-old boy in southern Guinea, near the border with Sierra Leone. Seven days after he died, his mother died, followed by his 3-year-old sister 16 days after that. After that, his grandmother died, a nurse who had attended to the grandmother died, the village midwife died, the midwife’s sister died, and several people that attended the funeral of the midwife got sick and/or died [15]. From there it spread like wildfire. The estimated reproductive rate of disease (the number of people infected by each sick person) is around 1.8 [14].
-          Impact so far:
o   4,269 people infected [9]
o   2,288 people dead in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia [9]
o   More people are believed to have died in these countries from secondary diseases like malaria and tuberculosis and from chronic illnesses and pregnancies with complications than from Ebola because the health care systems are so strained. Heavy rain adds to the risk of waterborne diseases like malaria. [16]
o   Food security has become a problem. Quarantines keep workers from their jobs and have slowed the delivery of food to certain areas, according to the U.N. [16]
o   BUT: In a glimmer of good news, the WHO said eight districts with previous Ebola cases (4 in Guinea, 3 in Sierra Leone and 1 in Liberia) had reported no new cases for three weeks [10].
-          Countries involved:
o   Guinea
o   Sierra Leone
o   Liberia
o   Nigeria
o   Senegal
o   NOTE: DRC is not affected by this outbreak but there is a simultaneous outbreak of a separate strain of Ebola virus [12]
-          Factors of spread:
o   Spread through families, people caring for loved ones that are sick come into contact with infectious secretions [5]
o   Burial ceremonies in which mourners have direct contact with the body [4]
o   Healthcare centers lack of appropriate containment gear (e.g. gloves, gowns, glasses, etc.) [5]
o   Lack of education
o   Poor infrastructure [9]
§  Health facilities inadequate and overflowing, people forced to care for loved-ones at home
§  Crematorium overwhelmed, unable to keep up with number of bodies
§  Government finances stretched to limit
§  Widespread corruption
§  Liberia (hardest hit), just emerged from 14-year civil war in 2003
o   Poor coordination among agencies [9]
-          International response
o   Doctors Without Borders  has nearly 2000 staff members in 3 countries [11]
o   50 million dollars given by Gates Foundation to help fight outbreak and research vaccines [2]
o   The World Bank has pledged a $230 million aid package, including $117 million in emergency response [11]
o   Cuba to send 165 health workers to Sierra Leone in October [10]
o   China dispatched a mobile laboratory team to Sierra Leone to help test for the virus. The team of 59 from the Chinese Center for Disease Control includes epidemiologists, clinicians and nurses. This team will join 115 Chinese medical staff already on the ground in Sierra Leone [16]
o   US Government Response
§  CDC Role [7]:
·         Activated Emergency Operations Center to help coordinate technical assistance and disease control activities
·         70+ staff members deployed in Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone to assist with surveillance, contact tracing, database management, health education
·         Travel advisories issues for US citizens to avoid nonessential travel to affected nations
·         Assistance with exit screening and communication efforts in West Africa to prevent sick travelers from getting on planes
·         Education for US healthcare facilities about how to safely manage patients with suspected Ebola virus
§  USAID [16]
·         Already committed more than $100 million to combat Ebola but last week announced they will spend $75 million to build treatment facilities and supply them with medical equipment. The treatment centers may house up to 1,700 additional beds.
·         Will give 400,000 treatment kits with sanitizer and other protective items like gloves to families to help them protect their own safety as they care for sick relatives
§  Pentagon [16]
·         Working to shift $500 million of not yet obligated funds to Ebola effort
·         Will send troops; American military personnel could increase by 3,000 in the region
§  Other [16]
·         Sending additional healthcare workers
·         Creating a training facility to help prepare thousands more health care workers to handle sick patients. U.S. medics will train up to 500 health care workers per week to identify and care for people with Ebola.
·         The President called on Congress to approve additional funding requested by his administration to carry out these efforts
o   WHO Response [8]
§  Comprehensive databases on epidemic intelligence, verification status, laboratory investigation and operational information.
§  Tracking and recording outbreak history, critical decisions, important actions by WHO and partners and key documents.
§  Management of logistic support and specialized response equipment, materials and supplies.
§  Integrated database on the skills, experience and availability of international experts for response teams.
§  Profiling of technical institutions in the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network concentrating on readiness and capacity to support international outbreak response. 
§  Standardized information products for Member States, public health officials, media and the public. 
§  Communications with the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network to enhance operational readiness.
 This outbreak in Senegal
-          So far there has been a single confirmed case of Ebola in Senegal.
o   Story: This was a 21-year-old male student who arrived from Guinea on August 20th (before the border was closed). He arrived via 7-place through Kolda and stayed with relatives on the outskirts of Dakar.  On August 23rd he sought medical care for symptoms including fever and diarrhea and was treated for malaria. He continued to live with his relatives but his symptoms did not improve so he sought further medical attention was referred to a special infectious disease facility on August 26th where he was hospitalized.  On August 27th Senegal received a report from Guinea that a person who had been in close contact with an Ebola patient had escaped surveillance [13].  This student received treatment in Dakar until he was declared to be cured on September 10th [1]. Thirty-three people with whom he had contact in Dakar have been quarantined until the incubation period expires on September 20th.  All are being tested morning and night for fever but thus far all remain asymptomatic [17]. Sixty seven people who had contact with him have been traced so far and none have tested positive for the disease [10].
-          There were two additional suspected cases of Ebola (in the regions of Matam and Ziguinchor) but both tested negative [1].
-          Senegalese Response: The Senegalese government has reacted swiftly to the threat.  The president of Senegal was quoted saying, “People should know that if it were not for this boy's state of health, he would be before the courts…You cannot be a carrier of sickness and take it to other countries.”  The government has allocated 300 million CFA ($600,000) to a national crisis team spearheaded by the national minister of health, Awa Marie Coll Seck [17].  The Senegalese border with Guinea has been closed since August 21st with no plans yet to open it again and all borders have been reinforced with extra surveillance [3]. Hand-washing stations have also been set up along the border with Mali.  A humanitarian corridor has been opened to allow international agencies to be able to enter affected countries in the region and provide aid with the gateway being the Ouakam Military Airport in Dakar [18].  Furthermore, there has been a widespread socio-cultural response to the disease. In Dakar, many fearful residents have stopped their customary handshakes in greetings and avoid packed public transport to avoid contact. Many shun inhabitants of Parcelles Assaines, the neighborhood in Dakar where the student was residing with his family [17] and a few in the southern regions go so far as to shun Guineans in general, no longer frequenting their shops or allowing them on public transportation.  Along the borders community members are also taking initiative to prevent Guineans from entering through porous border paths. Phone companies and television stations are sending out regular messages about signs and symptoms of Ebola and how to prevent it. And there are no more weekly markets in villages near the border with Guinea.
 What Senegal has going for it
-          Better infrastructure
o   Not worn down by years of civil war
o   More hospitals, more healthcare providers
-          Preparation time
o   Education campaigns began months ago to educate healthcare providers, gendarmerie, border control, general population
o   Closed borders with Guinea
o   Border surveillance with hand washing stations
 Resources for more information:
-          WHO Outbreak News (http://www.who.int/csr/don/archive/disease/ebola/en/)
-          CDC Outbreak News (http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/index.html)
-          Seneweb.com (great for local updates – in French)
-          CDC Radio Spots (available in local languages for education in your community!): http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/radio-spots.html
-          A sweet rap about malaria by a Liberian group (https://soundcloud.com/shadowmrgn/ebola-in-town-d-12-shadow-kuzzy-of-2kings)
 Sources
[5] CDC Ebola Factsheet
[15] New England Journal of Medicine “Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease
in Guinea — Preliminary Report”
[18] http://www.seneweb.com/news/Sante/ebola-dakar-appele-a-ouvrir-un-corridor-humanitaire_n_134565.html